托福Toefl作文模拟题附范文 第47篇:好室友是什么样的?

作者词汇基本功很好，在学术词汇方面希望能更熟练的使用作者应适量增加从句的使用量；层次不清晰，几乎没有使用衔接词。

Vulgarisms in English It seems that everybody is now learning English and if you ask an English learner what kind of English he is learning, he will probably provide the following answers: American English, British English, standard English, English dialects, etc. But rarely can you hear anyone saying ‘I’m learning vulgarisms in English”. It is true that the adoption of vulgar terms in one’s languages would arouse other people’s oppositions, especially those from parents and teachers, and would also probably label that language user as “uneducated, illiterate, etc.” We , however, when look at English from the descriptive linguistic point of view, should never try to avoid the study of vulgarisms. Just as Ronald Wardhaugh put it “(in descriptive linguistics) Linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved (if indeed they can be). A sentence such as He ain’t got none is to be explained, not criticized or corrected.” Then I would like to say that a sentence such as That god damned mother fucker kicked the shit out of my ass is to be explained, not criticized or corrected. “They may produce undesirable consequences when uttered in certain circumstances, but this observation is a social rather than a linguistic observation.” Thus, in the following pages I would list the most commonly used vulgar terms in English and classify them in an effort to analyze the occasions on which these terms could be used, the effects they could produce on such occasions and the reason for their existence. English vulgarisms, as is known to all, are very often referred to as four-letter words. The reason is obvious: most vulgar terms, such as fuck, shit, darn, damn, etc., are composed of four letters. This might be a coincidence which is really hard to account for. But, anyway, we are not concentrating on why most of them are four lettered. The English vulgar terms, basically, could be put into five categories. In the first category, we have those terms representing some ominous concept. The first example here is hell. In the Longman Contemporary English-Chinese Dictionary the first lexical meaning of the word hell is “(esp. In the Christian and Muslim religions) a place where the souls of the wicked are said to be punished after death” and the third lexical meaning of this word is “slang, a swear word, used in anger or to strengthen an expression”. Here are some examples of how hell is used: 1)The man said “Oh, God! My head hurts like hell!”In this sentence, the expression like hell means very much, very hard, very fast, etc. 2) “I won’t, you say?------Like hell, I will.” Here we can also use such terms as by hell, the hell, etc. to express strong disagreement or refusal.3) beat hell out of, kick hell out of, knock hell out of, etc or knock the hell out of means to beat, etc severely. 4)come hell or high water means no matter what difficulties may be encountered. 5) When an abnormal criminal said “I killed her for the hell of it”, he meant that he killed her for fun or adventure. 6) When he came back late, his wife gave him hell. give someone hell means to punish, castigate or rebuke someone severely or to cause someone pain or misery. In the first three examples that are offered above, hell is very vulgar while in the last three examples it is used as a part of the slang. As we could see, when the man said his head hurt like hell, he expressed his pain more vividly than if he said his head ached very much. Words like this in English are darn, damn, etc and most of them have religious origins and are often used with God, for example, God damn it. In the second category fall those terms related to the sex organs of human beings. The first one that comes to my mind is dick (penis, the exterior male sex organ). “No body would like to talk to John, cause he is a dick head.” Here, dick head means an idiot, a fool or someone being despised. Then in the following sentence, dick means to quit or to play truant. “ ‘Hi, buddy! Come to our party tonight at our fraternity!’ ‘Sorry, I can’t, cause I have classes this evening.’ ‘Then dick it.’ ” The other term I want to specify here is ball. When it is used in plural form, balls, it means testicles, nonsense, guts, courage or (usually of a man) to have sexual intercourse with somebody. “Don’t ask him to go with us, he’s got no balls.” (means courage) “ ‘He said you failed the exam’------‘Balls’ ” (nonsense) “He often ballses up our parties when he get hammered.” (Balls up means to make a muddle or mess of or to throw into confusion) Other examples are puss or pussy ( a puss-gentleman means a male who pays too much attention to his dress ), cunt(a woman regarded as a sexual object), etc. In the third category lay the terms related to sexual intercourse. The most “famous” one is fuck. Fuck, actually can be regarded as “an international vulgarism”. Fuck, the vulgar term for having sex, can be used in almost every sentence that one can speak, which is just like the Chinese word ma de. Here are some examples of how this word is used. 1) “You stole his apple, didn’t you?”------“Fuck you, John, who told you that?”(Here fuck you, which is often used as a set phrase, is a way to express the speaker’s displeasure or resentment) 2) “You want to pull the trigger pull the trigger, you miserable blind mother-fucker!!”(From the movie the Scent of a Woman) An interesting thing to note here is that even though mother is often regarded as the object of the word fuck in both Chinese and English, there is a slight difference between the subjects of these expressions. In Chinese, the agent of the action fuck is the speaker, that is to say if a Chinese says “fuck your mother, John!” he means that he is the agent who fucks John’s mother while if an English speaker says “ John, you mother-fucker” he means that John is the agent who fucks his own mother, which implies incest. 3) “It’s very cold today, isn’t it?”------“No, it’s not very cold. It’s fucking cold.”(In this conversation we meet the most fashionable word fucking, which means very, extremely or to a great extent when used as an adverb.) 4) “ I’m totally fucked up last night, so I don’t have a damn clue of what had happened.”(Here, fucked up means to be drunk) 5) That wound is sweet fuck all or fuck all bears the meaning that the wound is nothing at all. 6) “Can we do this tomorrow? I’m fucked today.”( fucked means exhausted or useless) 7) What the fuck are you doing here? Who the fuck do you think you are talking to? When the fuck did you come back? etc.( the fuck in these sentences has no special meaning and is only used to express a kind of surprise mixed with resentment) 8) Fuck actually can mean a lot in everyday conversations. An extreme example is this: A driver, after checking up his car engine said “ the fucking fuck won’t fuck!”. The real meaning of this is “the fucking engine won't work”. Other terms related to sexual intercourse are bastard ( the literary meaning of which is a child born of parents not married to each other and is now most often used to call a difficult or unpleasant person or thing, an unfortunate person, or neutrally, a chap. “Where have you been hiding all these years? You bastard!” sucker( an easily cheated person) and slut ( literally a dirty and untidy woman, now refers to a person who has sex with a lot of people merely for the purpose of the satisfaction of sexual desire) “Don’t hang out with her, she’s said to be a slut.” The next category contains term related to body fluid, emunctory and egesta. British people and Australians use bloody as their “national vulgarism”, for example, they would say “You bloody miserable son of a bitch!” “Piss off, Peter, I am working now”(piss off means to go away) “ What he said really pissed me off” means his words annoyed or upset me very much. “You cheated me, asshole!”( asshole is similar to bastard or mother-fucker in terms of usage Another fashionable word is shit. “Oh, shit! I lost my wallet.”( an expression of shock esp. when something terrible happens “Ernest almost kicked the shit out of Ron’s ass” means that Ernest beat Ron severely. “Oh, dad, you don’t know shit!”( Oh, dad, you don’t know anything! “What she said was bullshit!”( What she said was nonsense） The last category contains comparatively small numbers of words which are related to animals, but the only one that I can offer as an example here is bitch. Bitch is a very vulgar term used to dress women. “Don’t go to ask her. That bitch has no fucking clue of what has happened.” Vulgarism is an effective way to express one’s emotions and will relieve people’s stress, make people relax and is a kind of irreplaceable special music for life. Vulgarisms are blood veins and animate substances, which will make all other ways of interjections faint in the face of them. People also use them to express their disdain towards unreasonable systems and use them as banners for challenges or even fights. Vulgarisms, when used among friends or relatives or on other informal occasions, will make people feel a more intimate or relaxed relationship. But on formal occasions like in a lecture, a speech in public, etc. vulgarisms will certainly arouse the audience’s disdain or contempt. Thus on formal occasions those terms as I have listed in this essay should be avoided. As a conclusion we should know that vulgarism is an inevitable or even indispensable part of human language, culture and civilization, the most clear evidence of which is the coexistence of vulgarisms and taboos for so many centuries. Vulgarisms, though bombarded by constant taboos imposed by political, social, religious, ethical and individual factors, have never been on the decline or extinct, which indisputably proves the vitality of vulgarisms.