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作者词汇基本功很好，高级词汇表达也比较恰当；句式变化多样，句法方面做的很棒；采用了简单的衔接手法，行文流畅。
A failure—— Macartney’s visit to China Based on our history textbook, the result of Macartney's visit to China is a failure completely. It is an important diplomatic event that happened in 18th century between the Qing Dynasty and the Great Britain. When George III sent the Macartney Mission to visit the Qing Dynasty, with his letter, gifts of industry, great interest to trade with China and to establish a friendly and equitable diplomatic relationship, they were generously treated by China, however, because of a series of courtesy disputes, the English gentlemen were told that China needn't their gifts or the trade relationship, and failed to achieve their diplomatic goals. Neither of them was satisfied with each other. Finally, the visit was like a farce ending in a hurry. For English, they lost a trading friend, but for China, they lost the last opportunity to get on the tides of industry. Therefore what was the reason that resulted in this diplomatic failure? .What influences does it make? The first cause for the failure is communication. The most important aspect in communication is the translator. According to "Reconstructing the Translation Process of Macartney's Visit to China" from CNIK, in England, when the decision to visit China is made, British Foreign Secretary Dundas commanded Macartney to recruit Chinese translators. After an army of efforts, the deputy ambassador George Leonard Staunton found 2 Chinese priests in Naples Chinese Academy. They were Paolo Cho and Jacob Ly. The 2 priests can't speak English, but they can speak Italian and Latin. In George Leonard Staunton's opinion, they can translate Latin into English themselves, nevertheless, when a sentence was translated several times, the real meaning behind it will be inaccurate. What's worse, when they arrived Macao, afraid of being punished by Chinese government due to working for another country, Paolo Cho insisted on resignation. Jacob Ly became the only professional translator. Nevertheless, he left China when he was very young, therefore he was not familiar with official discourse and instrumental norms. Sometimes he could not distinguish between courtesy and commitment. In the letter from French Jesuit missionary Jean-Baptiste-Joseph to Spain Office in Macau, he said, "Jacob Ly should be blamed for the failure, and he knew China even less then his English masters." However, there was another person, 12-year-old son of deputy ambassador George Leonard Staunton, George Thomas Staunton. He began to learn Chinese after he joined the mission, and made great progress. According to the British officer Perefiite "When necessary, he (George Thomas Staunton) can indeed act as a considerable translator." The translation work fell on Jacob Ly and a 12-year-old child's shoulders. In China, Emperor Qianlong paid much attention to Macartney's visit. According to First Historical Archives of China, Emperor Qianlong commanded, "the translator should be rewarded and they should be promoted. "Driven by tempting reward, the translation team was soon set up. It consisted of 7 missionaries, and the Portuguese Joseph-Bernard d'Almeida was the head of them. However, none of them knew English very well. What was more, the Portuguese would distort the meanings and damaged English reputation considering of their own country's benefit. Neither of the 2 countries had a strong group of translators, so it is proper to regard the visitation as a dialogue of the 2 deaf. The second factor for the failure is psychology. In the Britain's view, when it was 18th century, the Glorious Revolution had just been finished, and it became an independent capitalist country. They were proud of their productions from the industrial revolution. They viewed the visitation as an attempt for independent and equal cooperation. In China's view, they were going through Kang Qian powerful age. Being powerful in the world for a long period of time, Chinese emperors held the view that all other countries in the world were China's dependency, which could never be equal to others. Whether their relationship was equal or not was the root of all conflicts in communication. According to" A Study of Sino - British Psychology During Macartney 's Visit to China" from CNKI, because the visitation was in the course of Qianlong's eighty-birthday celebration, all the officers of the court praised the emperor by congratulating him that his prestige and majestic reputation had spread so widely that such a far-distance country would come to pay tribute. In that way of thinking, when the foreign mission met Qianlong, they were required to kneel down and kowtow to his majesty, which just like Qianlong's officers or envoys of a dependent State. As an independent country of industry power, the Macartney's mission refused the requirement, because they didn't want to make their own countries be humiliated. In China's view, the visitors were impolite and they were disrespectful to the emperor. The first meeting ended in failure and this became an obstacle to all subsequent negotiations. The third contributor consists in the differences in the demands between Feudalism and Capitalism. When we take the background into consideration, we can find that the diplomatic failure is inevitable. According to Macartney 's Diary to Visit China," our trade should be improved, as it now seems to promise, that is to say, that the value of exports and imports between England and China should become nearly equal-"and according to George III's letter to Qianlong, they longed for trading, tax preference and an island for traders to live on. However, Qianlong replied, "we are the super power country and we have anything we need domestic. Many countries from a far distance come to pay tribute each year, so any wander in the world has been in China. Trade is not necessary for us." It was such a pity that China refused all the demands from England. Did China refuse all the demands only because of the courtesy conflicts? The answer was absolutely not. As you can see from Qianlong's letter, the real reason is that China didn't have the demand for trading and England had an enthusiastic expectation for trading with China. They didn't have the same interest, so there was no doubt that their negotiation would fail. Why did they have different demands? The different backgrounds told us the reasons. China, endowed with vast plains and plentiful resources, Chinese could satisfy their demands with the wonderful natural resources. From generation to generation, they were relying on the land and were keeping the feudalism. In the political aspect, the despot considered trading with foreign countries and frequent-population movements to be difficult to govern and it was dangerous. On the contrary, England was surrounded by the endless sea and barren islands. They had no choice but to trade with others and to gather wealth by trading. After the Glorious Revolution, the country became more capitalist and aspires to trade was stronger. The two countries' different backgrounds and demands were the main reason for the failure of the visitation.
