One of the positive outcomes from so much research on the relationship between culture and intelligence is an expanded view of what intelligence may be, and how it may be conceptually related to culture. This issue is intricately intertwined with cross-cultural research on intelligence because one of the possible confounding factors in previous studies that documented cultural differences has been cultural differences in the very concept and meaning of intelligence. Researchers in this area have discovered that many languages have no word that corresponds to our idea of intelligence. The closest Mandarin equivalent, for instance, is a Chinese character that means "good brain and talented". Chinese people often associate this concept industry as imitation, effort, and social responsibility. Such traits do not constitute important elements of the concept of intelligence for most Americans. African cultures provide a number of examples. The Baganda of East Africa uses theatre to refer to a combination of mental and social skills that make a person steady, cautious, and friendly.1 The Djerma-Songhai in West Africa uses the terminal, which has an even broader meaning combination of intelligence, know-how, and social skills. Still another society, the Baoule, uses their table, which describes children who are not only mentally alert but also willing to volunteer their services without being asked.
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